International Journal of Contemporary Medicine
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine is a double blind peer reviewed international journal which has commenced its publication from January 2013. The journal is half yearly in frequency. The journal covers all aspects of l medical specialties including intensive care, hospital practice, ICU etc . The journal has been assigned ISSN 2320-9623 (Print Version) and ISSN 2321-1032(Online Version). The journal is indexed in many international data bases like Google scholar , EBSCO , Pro Quest etc. This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Association of Waistline Measurements with Hypertension in Type II Diabetic Patients in Bihar.
Aim: Aim of this study is to evaluate the interrelation of Waistline Measurements with the Arterial blood pressure and cardiometabolic risks among Type II diabetic patients and finding relation how obesity factors influence the risk of Cardiovascular Disorders. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study at a Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar was conducted for 2 months on 80 diabetic patients {47 men, 33 women} aged between 18–75 years. Patients were stratified on the Waist to Height Ratio criteria {>0.6 vs. <0.6} and interrelations between the Waistline measurement–related parameters and blood pressure were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation. Results: Patients with WHtR {>0.6} had higher BMI, Waistline Measurement, Systolic, Diastolic, Mean blood pressure levels, and Hba1c levels. Hypertension prevalence was 51% in the WHtR {>0.6} group versus 32% in the WHtR {<0.6} group. BMI showed a strong association with WHtR {r = 0.692, p <0.001}, and both BMI {r = 0.419, p <0.001} and WHtR {r = 0.327, p = 0.006} showed moderate interrelation with systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Both BMI and Waistline Measurement can be predominantly determined with the elevation of Arterial blood pressure in Type II diabetic patients, where BMI showed slightly higher determinative strength, while Waistline measurements offered an acceptable alternative for clinical and research purposes.
Body mass index {BMI}, Waistline measurement, Waist to Height Ratio {WHtR}, Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disorders, Diabetes, Morphometric indices, systolic blood pressure.
Body mass index {BMI}, Waistline measurement, Waist to Height Ratio
Copyright (c) 2026 Saniya Siddiqua, Kalash Dwivedi, Jainil Sejpal, Syed Meyar Husain, Yadav Pappu Bhogindra, Jasurbek Asilbekovich, Kamilla Alanovna Mullairova, Shivendra Rai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge, Perception and Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy Among Pregnant Women Attending Selected Antenatal Clinics in Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria
Malaria in pregnancy is a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical regions, malaria during pregnancy (MiP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It results in low birth weight (LBW), premature delivery, maternal anemia, and intrauterine growth retardation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, and preventive practices regarding malaria in pregnancy among pregnant women attending selected antenatal clinics in Abeokuta, Ogun State. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 189 participants, using a researcher-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22.0, employing descriptive statistics to describe sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, perception, preventive practices, and perceived barriers to implementing malaria prevention measures. The findings revealed that 85.7% of the participants had a high level of knowledge about malaria in pregnancy, and 78.3% believed that malaria could lead to maternal death. Financial constraints were identified by 76.7% of participants as a significant barrier to implementing preventive measures. The study found no significant association between the level of knowledge and factors such as age (p=0.391), education level (p=0.113), number of previous pregnancies (p=0.199), trimester (p=0.608), and antenatal clinic attendance (p=0.878). However, occupation (p=0.031) was significantly associated with the level of knowledge. Based on these findings, the study recommended providing insecticide-treated nets, mosquito repellents, and antimalarial medications at reduced or no cost to address financial barriers and enhance malaria prevention among pregnant women.
Antenatal clients, Long-lasting insecticidal nets(LLINs), Malaria in Pregnancy, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP).
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge of Hypertension, Risk Factors and Awareness Among Students in Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State
Hypertension is a major global health challenge, with increasing prevalence among young adults in developing countries like Nigeria. University students are particularly at risk due to lifestyle transitions involving poor diet, physical inactivity, stress, and limited awareness. The aim of the study was to assess hypertension knowledge, risk factors, and awareness among students at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State. This is a quantitative research study using a cross-sectional design, selecting 425 undergraduate students from Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collection involved structured questionnaires, with analysis carried out using SPSS version 23. Results revealed that a majority of participants (46.6%) were aged 21-23, with more than half being female (57.2%). Most students (97.4%) did not have hypertension. However, approximately half of the students (50.6%) exhibited low knowledge about hypertension, and 29.2% were at high risk of developing the condition. A significant portion (28.2%) relied on internet websites for information about hypertension, and an overwhelming majority (92.9%) believed there was a need for increased public awareness and education regarding hypertension management and prevention within the university. In conclusion, the study underscores a substantial knowledge gap, identifies significant risk factors, and stresses the importance of proactive healthcare interventions to raise awareness and mitigate hypertension risks among FUNAAB students
Hypertension, knowledge, awareness, risk factors, Funaab.
A Cross-sectional Study on State Anxiety Among MBBS Students of Government and Private Colleges across Andhra Pradesh and Telengana
The Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) is the course pursued by undergraduate students to become Doctors in India. This course is conducted as per the NMC guidelines. This study aimed to study the levels of State Anxiety among the students of various government and private medical colleges. State Anxiety is the anxiety that is experienced by an individual as a response to a particular situation and is temporary, whilst Trait Anxiety is suffered by an individual as an inherent character and it’s permanent. The first 20 questions of the State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, surveyed anxiety levels among 132 medical students across the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana. The results were interpreted and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The highest MSA (Mean State Anxiety) was observed in the students of Deemed Universities, probably due to the excessive financial load up on them, in addition to the exhaustive syllabus; whereas LMS (Least Mean Score) was seen in the students of PPP (Public Private Partnership) Colleges. Moreover, State Anxiety survey among medical students across the years of MBBS in the two provinces reveals that Final Professional Year Part 2 candidates showed maximum MSA, while the least was recorded in Post-Interns. This can, possibly be due to the huge load of syllabi in the final Prof year, that ought to be covered within a limited time. Post-interns on the other hand, have completed their graduation, thereby being comparatively more independent financially. The current study leaves scope for future researchers in the same area but on a different population or sample size as this survey was confined within the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana.
Government, Private, MBBS, Professional Years, Anxiety
Minimally Invasive Approaches in Nigerian Healthcare: The Advantages of Image-Guided Biopsy for Disease Management
Minimally invasive techniques are transforming healthcare delivery worldwide, offering safer and more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic options. Among these, image-guided biopsy has emerged as a pivotal tool for disease management, combining precision and reduced patient morbidity. This paper examines the integration of image-guided biopsy into Nigerian healthcare, emphasizing its potential to overcome the limitations of traditional biopsy methods and enhance disease management outcomes. The current landscape of biopsy techniques in Nigeria reveals significant reliance on conventional methods, which often involve higher complication rates, longer recovery periods, and limited accuracy in targeting lesions. In contrast, image-guided modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluoroscopy enable real-time visualization, allowing for precise lesion localization and sample retrieval, even in anatomically challenging areas. This review highlights the clinical advantages of image-guided biopsy, including enhanced diagnostic accuracy, reduced procedure-related complications, and shorter recovery times, making it a valuable tool for managing oncology, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions. In oncology, it facilitates early diagnosis, tumor characterization, and therapeutic planning. For infectious diseases, it supports pathogen identification in difficult-to-access regions, while in chronic diseases, it improves diagnostic reliability in liver, kidney, and bone marrow evaluations. Despite its advantages, the adoption of image-guided biopsy in Nigeria faces challenges related to accessibility, cost, and technical expertise. Addressing these barriers is crucial for widespread implementation and equitable healthcare delivery. By exploring the principles, modalities, and clinical applications of image-guided biopsy, this paper underscores its transformative potential to advance disease management and improve patient outcomes in Nigeria’s evolving healthcare landscape
Image-guided biopsy, Minimally invasive techniques, Diagnostic accuracy, Nigerian healthcare, Disease management
A Rare Case of Lithopaedion: A Calcified Legacy of Chronic Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
Introduction Lithopaedion, or “stone baby,” is an extremely rare complication of abdominal or tubal ectopic pregnancy where the fetus dies and undergoes calcification instead of resorption. Fewer than 300 cases have been reported worldwide, making it a medical rarity. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and complete management of ectopic pregnancies, particularly in low-resource settings where incomplete abortions or delayed care may lead to such unusual outcomes. It enriches the global literature by documenting a rare pathology and reinforcing vigilance in chronic pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding in reproductive-age women. Patient Concerns and Clinical Findings Chief Complaints: Intermittent abdominal pain for 3 years Spotting per vaginam for 1.5 months Clinical Examination: Mild tenderness in the lower abdomen No palpable mass on abdominal or bimanual examination Imaging Findings: Ultrasound and CT Abdomen: Revealed a mummified, crumpled fetal skeleton in the left adnexa, separate from the ovary MRI: Confirmed a calcified fetal structure with skeletal elements consistent with a chronic tubal ectopic pregnancy of approximately 21 weeks gestational age Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcomes Final Diagnosis: Lithopaedion secondary to chronic left tubal ectopic pregnancy Management: Surgical removal of the calcified mass via laparotomy Histopathological confirmation of calcified fetal tissues Postoperative recovery was uneventful Outcome: The patient had symptomatic relief from abdominal pain and no further spotting Counseling provided regarding early antenatal care in future pregnancies Conclusion and Key Takeaways Lithopaedion is a preventable complication of untreated or partially treated ectopic pregnancies. In women presenting with chronic abdominal pain and abnormal bleeding, especially with a remote history of missed pregnancy or incomplete abortion, rare pathologies like lithopaedion should be considered. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI are essential in confirming the diagnosis. This case emphasizes the critical role of early diagnosis and complete evacuation in ectopic pregnancies to prevent severe complications such as lithopaedion.
Lithopaedion Stone baby Chronic ectopic pregnancy Tubal ectopic calcification Fetal mummification Rare obstetric complication Incomplete abortion Calcified fetus Delayed diagnosis Adnexal mass Abdominal pain Imaging in ectopic pregnancy Maternal morbidity Missed ectopic gestation Tubal abortion sequelae.
A Case of Alkaptonuria: Unexplained Arthropathy, Urine Discoloration, and the Importance of Metabolic Clues in Rare Diagnoses
Introduction Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) deficiency, leading to the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA). This condition manifests through dark urine, progressive ochronosis (tissue pigmentation), early-onset arthritis, and may include cardiovascular complications. This case highlights the importance of considering metabolic etiologies in early degenerative joint disease, particularly when accompanied by systemic signs like urine discoloration and scleral pigmentation. It adds to scientific literature by reaffirming that rare diseases can present even in under-resourced settings and require clinical vigilance for early diagnosis and intervention. Patient Concerns and Key Clinical Findings A young adult male presented with: Urinary changes: Darkening of urine upon standing. Ochronosis: Bluish-black pigmentation of sclera Pigmentation of ear cartilage and skin folds Ochronotic arthropathy: Progressive joint pain and stiffness Affected areas: thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine, large joints (knees, hips) X-rays revealed: intervertebral disc calcification, joint space narrowing Cardiovascular involvement: Evidence of aortic valve calcification on echocardiography Diagnosis Clinical Clues: Progressive early-onset arthropathy Urine discoloration Visible pigmentation (ochronosis) Laboratory Findings: Ferric chloride test: Black coloration Benedict’s test: Green to black precipitate Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Elevated homogentisic acid (HGA) Genetic testing: Mutation in HGD gene confirmed diagnosis Interventions 1. Symptomatic Management: NSAIDs for joint pain and stiffness Physiotherapy to preserve joint mobility 2. Dietary and Medical Support: Low-protein diet to reduce phenylalanine and tyrosine intake (precursors of HGA) Vitamin C supplementation to slow oxidative polymerization of HGA 3. Monitoring and Surveillance: Serial imaging to monitor spinal and joint degeneration Regular urinalysis for metabolic monitoring 4. Genetic Counseling: Family screening and education about autosomal recessive inheritance Carrier testing for first-degree relatives 5. Orthopedic Referral: For early assessment and management of degenerative joint changes Outcomes At 3-month follow-up: Joint symptoms moderately improved with NSAIDs and physiotherapy Urine discoloration persisted Patient reported better functional capacity in daily activities Adherence to lifestyle and diet modifications was satisfactory Conclusion and Key Takeaways Think metabolic in unexplained early-onset arthritis—especially when accompanied by systemic clues. Urine discoloration is a simple but underrecognized diagnostic sign of alkaptonuria. Ochronosis, though delayed, is a diagnostic hallmark. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care can improve quality of life and delay joint deterioration. Rare diseases occur even in rural or peripheral health settings, emphasizing the need for awareness and basic metabolic workups in atypical arthropathy cases.
Alkaptonuria Ochronosis Homogentisic acid Early-onset arthritis Metabolic bone disease Rare genetic disorders Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase deficiency Urine discoloration Ochronotic arthropathy Low-protein diet Vitamin C therapy Autosomal recessive inheritance Degenerative joint disease Rural healthcare and rare diseases
A Rare Case of Empyema in a 4-Year-Old Child: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge
Introduction Empyema thoracis, though a recognized complication of pneumonia, is relatively rare in very young children, especially in its loculated form. Delayed diagnosis or inadequate initial management may result in prolonged morbidity, poor nutrition, and complications. This case highlights the clinical complexity, diagnostic journey, and multidisciplinary management of a pediatric empyema in a 4-year-old female, underscoring the need for early referral, imaging, and prompt intervention. It contributes to pediatric literature by reinforcing the value of high clinical suspicion and the role of CT in evaluating non-resolving pneumonia. Patient Concerns and Clinical Findings A 4-year-old girl initially presented with: ⦁ Fever for 2 weeks ⦁ Cough, vomiting, and reduced appetite ⦁ Temporary relief with oral antibiotics at a local hospital, but fever recurred ⦁ Subsequently managed with IV antibiotics at another facility before referral for further evaluation Examination Findings: ⦁ Moderately built and nourished ⦁ No cyanosis, icterus, clubbing, lymphadenopathy, or edema ⦁ Tachypnea and reduced breath sounds on the left side ⦁ No facial dysmorphism or structural abnormalities noted ⦁ No neurological or systemic deficits Investigations: ⦁ Complete Blood Count: ⦁ Anemia (Low Hb, PCV, MCV, MCHC) ⦁ CT Chest: ⦁ Loculated empyema on the left side ⦁ Pleural Fluid Cytology: ⦁ Predominantly lymphocytes, neutrophils, mesothelial cells ⦁ No malignant cells ⦁ Routine Biochemical Workup: ⦁ Elevated inflammatory markers Final Diagnosis: ⦁ Left-sided loculated empyema thoracis in a 4-year-old child ⦁ Secondary to unresolved pneumonia Management: ⦁ Continued IV antibiotics ⦁ Supportive management including IV fluids, antipyretics, and nutritional supplementation ⦁ Monitoring via imaging and lab parameters ⦁ Surgical consultation for possible intercostal drainage or decortication if conservative treatment fails Outcome: ⦁ Gradual clinical improvement ⦁ Reduction in fever and respiratory distress ⦁ Ongoing follow-up for nutritional recovery and lung function monitoring Conclusion & Key Takeaways: ⦁ Empyema in children, though uncommon, should be suspected in cases of persistent fever and respiratory symptoms not responding to antibiotics ⦁ CT chest is crucial for diagnosing loculated pleural collections ⦁ Early intervention, proper antibiotic therapy, and nutritional support are key to improving outcomes ⦁ Reinforces the need for thorough evaluation in children with unresolved pneumonia to prevent complications such as chronic empyema or lung damage
⦁ Pediatric empyema ⦁ Loculated empyema ⦁ Pleural effusion ⦁ Pediatric pneumonia complication ⦁ CT chest ⦁ Intercostal drainage ⦁ Pyogenic empyema ⦁ Recurrent fever in children ⦁ Pediatric thoracic infection ⦁ Pulmonology case report ⦁ Empyema thoracis ⦁ Child with persistent pneumonia ⦁ Nutrition in pediatric illness ⦁ Tachypnea in children ⦁ Early imaging in pediatric fever
The Ventricle’s Vascular Secret: A Rare Case of Pyogenic Granuloma of the Larynx
Introduction This case report highlights an exceptionally rare presentation of pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma) arising from the right laryngeal ventricle in a young adult with no history of trauma, voice abuse, surgery, or known risk factors. Pyogenic granulomas are common in cutaneous and mucosal locations but are unusual in the larynx, especially within the ventricle. This case adds to the limited literature on laryngeal vascular lesions in non-smoking, otherwise healthy young adults, reinforcing the importance of considering benign vascular etiologies in the differential diagnosis of sudden-onset dysphonia. Patient Presentation and Clinical Findings A 28-year-old male presented with: ⦁ Sudden-onset hoarseness of voice ⦁ Odynophagia (painful swallowing) ⦁ Mild dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Duration: 1 month Relevant negatives: ⦁ No history of smoking, alcohol use, vocal strain, trauma, prior surgery, or allergies Examination: ⦁ Indirect laryngoscopy showed a sessile, slough-covered, broad-based mass arising from the right laryngeal ventricle ⦁ Vocal cord mobility preserved ⦁ No other mucosal abnormalities or signs of malignancy Initial Differential Diagnoses: ⦁ Laryngeal hemangioma ⦁ Papilloma ⦁ Ventricular cyst ⦁ Laryngocele with infection Diagnosis, Intervention, and Outcome Procedure: ⦁ Direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia ⦁ The mass was found not attached to the false vocal cord but originating from the ventricular mucosa ⦁ Complete excision performed Histopathology: ⦁ Lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma) ⦁ No features of dysplasia or malignancy Final Diagnosis: ⦁ Pyogenic granuloma of the right laryngeal ventricle Outcome: ⦁ Complete resolution of symptoms ⦁ No recurrence at follow-up Conclusion - This rare case highlights how a seemingly isolated symptom can point to a rare, hidden pathology. The isolated presentation and complete recovery after excision emphasize the effectiveness of early intervention. It's a vivid reminder that timely, precise surgical management can be both diagnostic and curative -turning uncertainty into clarity and restoring patient's quality of life.
Pyogenic granuloma ⦁ Lobular capillary hemangioma ⦁ Laryngeal ventricle ⦁ Laryngeal tumor ⦁ Hoarseness ⦁ Dysphonia ⦁ Laryngeal vascular lesion ⦁ Benign laryngeal mass ⦁ Voice change ⦁ Endolaryngeal excision ⦁ Rare laryngeal tumor ⦁ ENT case report ⦁ Otolaryngology ⦁ Laryngeal surgery ⦁ Uncommon presentation.
A Case of Adult-Onset Spastic Paraparesis: A Treatable Presentation of MTHFR Deficiency
Introduction Spastic paraparesis in young adults often raises suspicion for neurodegenerative, demyelinating, or structural spinal cord disorders. However, metabolic causes such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency are frequently overlooked despite being potentially treatable. This case presents a 21-year-old male with progressive spastic paraparesis due to late-onset MTHFR deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, emphasizing the importance of early metabolic screening in unexplained motor syndromes. It contributes to literature by reinforcing that early intervention can halt or reverse neurological deterioration in a rare but manageable condition. Patient Concerns and Key Clinical Findings Demographics: 21-year-old male from Tripuranthakam Well-built, tall; noted to have gynecomastia Chief Complaints: Progressive stiffness in both lower limbs for 1 year Weakness in both lower limbs for 5 months History of Present Illness: Onset in left leg, followed by right Difficulty in: Walking without support Climbing stairs Rising from squatting position Wearing footwear due to dragging of feet Pseudobulbar affect reported (sudden inappropriate laughter/crying) Recent swelling, pain, and discoloration in left leg Examination Findings: Neurological: Conscious, oriented, MMSE: 30/30 No cranial nerve or sensory deficits Spastic gait with grade 3 spasticity bilaterally Bilateral extensor plantar responses Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) General: Left leg: Tender and warm Gynecomastia noted Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcomes Final Diagnosis: Late-adolescent onset MTHFR deficiency Spastic paraparesis associated with hyperhomocysteinemia Diagnostic Clues: Progressive bilateral spasticity without sensory loss Pseudobulbar affect Elevated serum homocysteine levels Confirmed MTHFR mutation (via genetic testing, if done) Treatment Initiated: Betaine – to support alternative remethylation of homocysteine Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) – cofactor for homocysteine metabolism Folate and Vitamin B12 supplementation (if applicable) Supportive care – physiotherapy for spasticity management Outcome: At follow-up, the patient showed improvement in lower limb strength, reduction in spasticity, and improved gait stability with continued betaine and vitamin therapy. Conclusion and Key Takeaways MTHFR deficiency, though rare, is a treatable cause of adult-onset spastic paraparesis. Early detection and management can prevent irreversible neurological damage. Routine homocysteine screening in cases of unexplained spasticity can aid in timely diagnosis. This case underscores the importance of metabolic workups in young patients with upper motor neuron signs, particularly in settings where degenerative and inflammatory causes have been excluded.
MTHFR deficiency Spastic paraparesis Hyperhomocysteinemia Betaine therapy Pseudobulbar affect Treatable metabolic disorder Adult-onset hereditary spasticity Vitamin B6 and folate metabolism Progressive motor dysfunction Rare neurometabolic disease Upper motor neuron syndrome Early diagnosis and intervention Autosomal recessive neurometabolic condition
A Rare Case of Stress Cardiomyopathy Following Traumatic Fall: Diagnostic Clues and Recovery
Introduction Stress cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or "broken heart syndrome," is an acute, transient, and often reversible left ventricular dysfunction triggered by emotional or physical stress. While classically seen in postmenopausal women after intense emotional distress, this case is notable for its onset following physical trauma (fall from height) without preceding emotional stress. It highlights the importance of considering stress cardiomyopathy in trauma patients presenting with chest symptoms, and adds to existing literature by reinforcing trauma as a valid trigger even in the absence of ECG changes. Patient Concerns and Clinical Findings A middle-aged female presented following a fall from the second floor, sustaining a fracture of the left lower limb. She developed sudden onset chest pain and dyspnea on exertion during hospitalization. Key Clinical Findings: Dyspnea on exertion Chest pain following trauma Normal ECG with mild ST-T changes Elevated Troponin levels with disproportionately high NT-proBNP Echocardiography: Global hypokinesia of the left ventricle Severely reduced ejection fraction (25%) Severe mitral regurgitation Normal right ventricular function Elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcome Diagnosis: Stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy) secondary to physical trauma Interventions: Supportive cardiac management Orthopedic management of limb fracture Monitoring of cardiac biomarkers and functional recovery Outcome: By discharge, the patient showed marked improvement in cardiac function: LVEF improved to 45% Mitral regurgitation decreased to mild severity Symptomatic improvement in dyspnea Conclusion and Key Takeaways This case underlines that physical trauma alone can precipitate stress cardiomyopathy, even in the absence of typical ECG findings or emotional triggers. A high index of suspicion, especially in trauma patients who develop unexplained dyspnea or chest pain, is essential. The rapid recovery of cardiac function emphasizes the reversible nature of this condition with timely diagnosis and supportive care.
Stress cardiomyopathy Takotsubo syndrome Trauma-induced cardiomyopathy Left ventricular dysfunction Global hypokinesia Reversible heart failure Troponin NT-proBNP Echocardiography Physical stress trigge
A Rare Case of De Novo Histoid Leprosy Mimicking Keloids: A Diagnostic Challenge
Introduction Histoid leprosy is an uncommon variant of multibacillary leprosy, and de novo presentation without prior treatment history is extremely rare. This case is unique in that it mimicked keloids, a benign dermatologic condition, leading to potential diagnostic delays. By presenting with nodulo-plaque lesions resembling keloids, this case expands the known clinical spectrum of leprosy and highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for leprosy in endemic regions—even when the presentation is atypical. It contributes to the literature by documenting a rare morphological mimic of a neglected tropical disease. Patient Concerns and Clinical Findings A 23-year-old male presented to the dermatology OPD with multiple asymptomatic, skin-colored raised lesions over a 6-month period. The lesions began as a single keloid-like plaque on the left upper arm and gradually spread. Clinical Examination: Multiple, well-defined, erythematous, hypoesthetic, smooth, firm plaques and nodules on the arms, legs, and posterior trunk Ulcerated nodules over both elbows Bilateral ulnar and radial cutaneous nerves moderately thickened, smooth, and non-tender Investigations: Slit skin smear: Bacteriological index (BI) 4+, Morphological index (MI) 70% Histopathology: Free Grenz zone, diffuse lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, foamy macrophages in whorled granulomas Fite-Faraco stain: Clumps of solid-staining acid-fast bacilli Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcome Diagnosis: De novo histoid leprosy presenting as keloid-like lesions Management: Multidrug therapy for multibacillary leprosy (MDT-MB) Oral multivitamin (once daily) Oral calcium + vitamin D3 supplementation (once daily) Topical fusidic acid 2% cream (applied twice daily over ulcerated lesions) MCR (microcellular rubber) footwear Limb care with emphasis on hands and feet protection Outcome: Patient continues to be under follow-up with improvement in ulcerated lesions and no new lesions reported post-initiation of MDT. Conclusion and Key Takeaways This case underscores the importance of clinical vigilance in diagnosing leprosy, particularly when it presents with atypical morphological features. What appeared to be a simple keloid turned out to be a manifestation of a disabling, chronic infectious disease. In endemic regions, even benign-appearing lesions should prompt a full diagnostic work-up. Early recognition and initiation of treatment remain key to reducing transmission and preventing complications.
Histoid leprosy De novo leprosy Keloid mimic Multibacillary leprosy Atypical leprosy presentation Skin nodules Nerve thickening Acid-fast bacilli Slit skin smear Dermatological diagnostic challenge.
: A case of POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME complicated by metabolic syndrome ,sub fertility and reactive depression
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 6–10% of women globally, with prevalence in India ranging from 9% to 36%. Contributing factors such as rising obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and shifting dietary patterns are projected to increase global PCOS prevalence to nearly 20% of reproductive-age women by 2030. This case presents a 24-year-old woman with PCOS complicated by metabolic syndrome, subfertility, and reactive depression—stemming from cultural and familial pressure to conceive. The case is notable for its convergence of endocrine, metabolic, reproductive, and psychosocial complications in a single young adult, underscoring the multisystem impact of PCOS. It adds to existing literature by advocating for integrated, culturally sensitive, and multidisciplinary care, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Patient Concerns and Clinical Findings The patient presented with: Irregular menstrual cycles Progressive weight gain Facial acne and hirsutism Inability to conceive after over a year of unprotected intercourse Significant emotional distress related to familial expectations around fertility On examination: Central obesity (BMI: 29.4 kg/m²) Acanthosis nigricans Hirsutism Laboratory and imaging findings: Hyperinsulinemia Impaired glucose tolerance Elevated serum triglycerides and testosterone Bilateral polycystic ovaries on pelvic ultrasound PHQ-9 score indicative of moderate depression Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcomes Diagnosis: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Metabolic syndrome Reactive depression Management: Metformin for insulin resistance Combined oral contraceptive pills for cycle regulation Structured lifestyle modifications including dietary and physical activity guidance Supportive psychological counseling Outcome after 12 weeks: Improved menstrual regularity Reduction in insulin resistance Modest weight loss Improvement in mood and reduction in depressive symptoms Conclusion and Key Takeaways This case illustrates the complex, multisystemic nature of PCOS and its far-reaching effects beyond reproductive health. It reinforces the need for early, holistic, and patient-centered interventions, especially in cultural contexts where fertility-related pressures exacerbate psychological distress. Addressing PCOS as a chronic, multidimensional condition—rather than a purely gynecological issue—is essential to improving long-term outcomes in women’s health.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Metabolic syndrome Subfertility Reactive depression Insulin resistance Hyperandrogenism Acanthosis nigricans Women's mental health
Introduction This case highlights a rare, potentially treatable cause of adult-onset spastic paraparesis—methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. Early diagnosis of this metabolic disorder is essential to prevent disease progression and irreversible neurological damage. This report adds to the limited literature on late-onset MTHFR deficiency, emphasizing the importance of metabolic evaluation in unexplained spastic paraparesis. Patient Concerns and Clinical Findings Chief Complaints: Progressive stiffness in both lower limbs for 1 year Weakness in both lower limbs for 5 months History of Present Illness: Difficulty wearing footwear and foot dragging Pseudobulbar affect Difficulty walking, climbing stairs, and rising from a squatting position General Examination: Tall, well-built male Presence of gynecomastia Neurological Examination: No cranial nerve deficits or sensory loss Spastic gait with Grade 3 spasticity Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes Bilateral extensor plantar responses Diagnosis, Interventions, and Outcome Diagnosis: Adult-onset MTHFR deficiency presenting as spastic paraparesis with hyperhomocysteinemia Interventions: Anhydrous betaine (targeting homocysteine metabolism) Baclofen (for symptomatic spasticity relief) Outcome: The patient was discharged with improved lower limb strength (power +4/5 bilaterally) and is under regular follow-up for monitoring and ongoing management. Conclusion and Key Take aways Inborn errors of metabolism, including MTHFR deficiency, can manifest in adulthood. MTHFR deficiency, though rare, is a treatable cause of progressive neurological decline. Routine measurement of plasma homocysteine levels in cases of unexplained spastic paraparesis can facilitate early diagnosis and intervention, potentially preventing irreversible neurological damage.
MTHFR deficiency Spastic paraparesis Hyperhomocysteinemia Adult-onset metabolic disorder Inborn error of metabolism Treatable neurogenetic condition Pseudobulbar affect Homocysteine metabolism Betaine therapy Neurometabolic disease
Background * poster presentation focuses on CONJOINT TWINS, delving into •Embryological development, •Types and classifications •Prenatal Diagnosis •some surgical seperation techniques Emotional Support and well being of the twins Methods * Refference: Textbook of paediatrics and OBG And Articles from PMC(Pub med centre) Results This poster helps in detailed understanding of conjoint twins, incidence of conjoint twins and development theories and contributing factors and antenatal diagnosis of conjoint twins and categorisation of conjoint twins, surgical seperation of conjoint twins and mainly the psychological and emotional support the conjoint twins require Conclusion * Knowing about the surgical seperation of conjoint twins is helpful in successfully separating them and if not the case the psychological and emotional support the conjoint twins needed is to be known
Conjoint twins Fission theory Fusion theory Thoracophagus Craniophagus Surgical seperation Antenatal diagnosis
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Parotid Mimicking Pleomorphic Adenoma Pre- Operatively
Background * This is a case of a 35 years female patient who came to Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Amalapuram, with swelling in the parotid region without facial nerve involvement. She underwent superficial parotidectomy and the postoperative specimen was sent for histopathological examination. methods * Preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology impression was a pleomorphic adenoma. She underwent superficial parotidectomy and the specimen sent for histopathological examination. Results * Post operative histopathological examination showed impression of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of intermediate grade and for patient referred to higher centre for radiotherapy. Conclusion * Parotid gland tumours should never be neglected. In this case report, due to on-time surgery an accurate post-operative histopathological examination, the diagnosis of malignancy made early and patient sent for radiotherapy.
pleomorphic adenoma, FNAC, biphasic tumour, mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Road Accidents in India: The Golden Hour & Resuscitative Hour
Background * According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), 1,68,491 people were killed, and 4,43,366 injured in 4,61,312 road crashes in India in 2022. On average, India witnessed 1,263 road crashes and 461 deaths every day or 53 crashes and 19 deaths every hour. Methods * 1. Airway Obstruction - Management 2. CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 3. Transportation & Emergency care 4. Revascularization & Vascular Rehabilitation 5. Surgical Intervention 6. Avoiding Road accidents by following Traffic Guidelines Results * 1. In an accident, the Golden hour is crucial because it represents the window of time where medical care has the greatest impact on the outcome of the injuries. Within this 60-minute period, emergency services can stabilize the injured person, stop any bleeding, treat serious injuries, and transport the casualty to a specialized hospital, where they will receive the care necessary to survive and recover. 2. The Golden hour is vital not only in terms of saving lives but also for reducing the risk of complications and long-term consequences. Conclusion * It is essential that both drivers and pedestrians understand the significance of the golden hour and know how to respond in emergency situations. Responsibility does not rest solely with emergency services; every individual plays a crucial role in ensuring that the golden hour remains effective.
Caesarean Scar Endometriosis - A Rare Case Report
Background * Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Scar endometriosis is a rare condition that typically follows obstetrical and gynaecological surgeries. The diagnosis of scar endometriosis remains challenging and requires a comprehensive approach, including clinical presentation and histological and radiological findings. We are reporting a case of 28 yr old parous woman with 2 prior LSCS admitted to our hospital presented with a chief complaint of pain at the scar site persisting for the past 4 months, with a gradual increase in intensity over the last 2 months. on clinical and radiological examination, it was found to be a left sided mass noted in the lower abdomen. on laparotomy 4*4 cm size scar endometriotic tissue. On HPE, suggestive of scar endometrioses with inter-spread endometrial glands. Results * Ultrasonography reported a hypoechoic lesion measuring 2.5x1.5cm with irregular borders noted in left iliac fossa region in subcutaneous region indenting rectus muscle with no internal vascularity. An MRI abdomen was taken and shows round nodular lesion with spiculated margins noted in left lower abdomen in deep subcutaneous flat planes abutting rectus abdominus. Minimal fat stranding noted adjacent to the lesion and it concluded that it is likely to represent a scar endometriosis, correlating with clinical history after which she underwent laparotomy for the same. Conclusion * Scar endometriosis is a rare and elusive diagnosis often mimicking with a variety of clinical conditions, and presenting as a diagnostic dilemma. Physicians’ ought to maintain a high degree of suspicion in a reproductive age group women presenting with pain and localized symptoms at the site of incision following gynaecological/obstetric surgery.
SCAR ENDOMETRIOSIS, MRI, PREGNANCY, LAPOROTOMY
Recent advances in transplant medicine: Fertility restoration and redefining parentage in uterine and ovarian transplantation
Background * Around the globe the factors like female reproductive system disorders, cancer therapies, genetic associated syndromes often lead to around 35-37% of female infertility. The infertility due to absolute uterine and ovarian factors remains a challenging condition despite the availability of many treatment options. The ovarian autografts for restoring the hormonal function and fertility in cancer survivors, ovarian allografts from the donors, and uterine transplantation offer a huge potential in restoring fertility in women. Therefore, this study helps to know about the role of uterine and ovarian transplantation in restoring menstrual function and for treating infertility and about the issues in parentage Methods * A systematic review study and a descriptive meta-analysis were conducted on 16 studies. These studies included 130 cases of ovarian autografts, 4 cases of ovarian allograft, and 3 uterine transplantation cases. The Outcomes were assessed and a Statistical analysis was made, and the comparing groups were performed with p-values and when appropriate we calculated that around 95% confidence intervals were considered. Results * It is seen that the live birth rates and menstrual function restoration is 100% in uterine transplants and ovarian allografts. In ovarian autografts about 64% showed menstrual function restoration and the live birth rates were about 66%. Conclusion * This study concludes that the type of transplantation procedure mainly determines the genetic origin and reproductive success of the offspring. The uterine and ovarian transplantation procedures ensure a promising future in treating the infertility in women.
Biological and legal parentage, Infertility, Ovarian autografts, Ovarian allografts, Uterine transplantation.
"Prevalence of anemia and its types in college students with different dietary habits."-EXPLORATORY STUDY
Background * Anemia is a global public health problem. Young adults, particularly college students, are vulnerable due to dietary insufficiencies, increased nutritional needs, and lifestyle factors. Dietary habits are crucial in determining the hematological profile of individuals. This study aims to find out how common anemia is among college students and whether diet has an effect on the type of anemia. Methods Inclusion Criteria: 1. Students willing to give informed consent. 2. Aged 18-25 years. Data Collection Tools: 1. Structured questionnaire: demographic details, dietary habits, menstrual history, history of fatigue/ pallor. 2. Hematological assessment: Hemoglobin estimation, CBP Classification of Anemia: 1. Microcytic anemia: MCV < 80 fL 2. Macrocytic anemia: MCV >100 fL Statistical Analysis: 1. MS Excel. 2. Descriptive statistics: mean, standard deviation, and prevalence rates. 3. Inferential statistics: Chi-square test; p < 0.05 considered significant. Ethical Considerations: 1. Ethical clearance obtained. 2. Consent was taken. Expected Outcome: 1. Identification of the prevalence and type of anemia among college students. 2. Establishment of correlation between anemia. Results * The prevalence of anemia was found to be 59.8%. In univariate analysis, low socioeconomic status, low iron intake, vegetarian diet, history of worm infestation, and history of excessive menstrual bleeding showed significant association with anemia. Conclusion * There is a correlation between hemoglobin, ESR, RBC count, and blood indices indicating the presence of anemia. Treatment of anemia could significantly improve memory and academic performance of students.
Anemia, dietary habits, college students, prevalence.
Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnosis
Background * Rapid advances in machine learning and deep learning have expanded the diagnostic capabilities of artificial intelligence (Al) across radiology, pathology, and primary care. Despite promising accuracy gains and workflow efficiencies, questions remain about generalizability, bias, and clinician acceptance. Methods * Rapid advances in machine learning and deep learning have expanded the diagnostic capabilities of artificial intelligence (Al) across radiology, pathology, and primary care. Despite promising accuracy gains and workflow efficiencies, questions remain about generalizability, bias, and clinician acceptance. Results * 42 primary studies (11 pathology, 8 primary care, and 23 radiology) satisfied the inclusion criteria. The median number of cases in the test set was 6,800 (IQR 2,400-15,200). In radiology studies, Al's pooled AUC was 0.92 (95% CI 0.88-0.95), while clinicians' AUC was 0.89 (95% CI 0.85- 0.93). With no discernible loss of specificity, Al- assisted slide review increased the sensitivity of mitosis detection in pathology by 14%. On average, primary care decision support systems shortened diagnostic turnaround times by 22%. Nevertheless, only 29% of studies addressed algorithmic bias or explainability, and 64% of studies lacked external validation. Conclusion * Al is poised to play a transformative role in medical diagnosis by enhancing accuracy, speeding up processes, and improving patient outcomes. However, ethical deployment, careful validation, and collaborative approach between Al systems and healthcare professionals are essential for its responsible integration into medical practice. The future of Al in diagnosis is promising but must be navigated with caution and compassion.
Artificial Intelligence Medical Diagnosis Machine Learning Deep Learning Radiology Pathology Clinical Decision Support Diagnostic Accuracy Ethical Concerns Explainable Al Algorithmic Bias Healthcare Technology Primary Care Digital Health Predictive Analytics.
Neurogenesis and Plasticity of Adult Brain: An Insight Into Effects of Cognition on Neuronal Network
Background * In the race to unveil the secrets of the human mind, a pursuit dating back over two millennia, it had become evident in recent years that neither the structure nor the function of the brain is consistent throughout the adult mammalian life. This quality of the brain to yield and remap in order to better adapt to the demands of the environment and physical as well as mental activity has been subject to extensive scientific enquiry over the past few decades. Methods * Students from KIMS (Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Amalapuram) and acquaintances have willingly participated in the investigation of phantom pain among other trails. Mass surveys were conducted with a sample size ≥ 200, data from polls conducted by reliable sources have also been procured to aid in research. Results * Neurogenesis, primarily observed in subventricular zone, occurs as a result of exercise and implication of hormones. Experimental data from trials conducted on aged mice has been procured to attest the claims. To contextualize the preliminary findings thus far, cognition enhances mental health and also promotes neurogenesis. Active participation in intellectual and physical activity helps mitigate the aftermath of neurodegenerative disorders, contributing to both prevention and rehabilitation. Conclusion * This study aims to encourage further research into effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and advancements in neurorehabilitation
Neuroplasticity; Neurogenesis; Neurodegenerative diseases, Neurorehabilitation
Efficacy and Emerging Role of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation [FMT] in Ulcerative Colitis
Background Ulcerative colitis [UC] is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] which is characterised by inflammation of mucosa of the colon. Despite existing therapies many patients remain refractory. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is increasingly recognised as a key factor in pathogenesis- targeted interventions such as FMT. Methods English articles of systemic reviews and meta-analysis were searched in the pubmed central, the Cochrane library, google scholar, cureus web of science databases from 2014 to 2024. STUDY DESIGN: systematic reviews and meta - analysis POPULATION: patient of any age diagnosed with ulcerative colitis INTERVENTION: FMT OUTCOME: Studies reporting on clinical remission. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1] Narrative reviews, editorial letters, conference abstracts 2] Systemic reviews and meta- analysis that don't focus on ulcerative colitis 3] Studies focusing only on microbiome composition without clinical outcomes Results FMT works by improving a condition called gut. People with UC often have less beneficial bacteria. This imbalance causes inflammation by damaging the gut lining, triggering the immune system. FMT aids by transferring healthy gut bacteria from a donor, which may restore balance, reduce inflammation, and support healing of the gut lining. Many RCTs have demonstrated clinical remission in 24- 30 % of UC patients with FMT versus 5 - 10% in placebo groups. However, heterogeneity in protocols, donor viability, lack of long-term follow-up remain challenges. Conclusion FMT is a promising treatment for UC. While early results are encouraging, standardized protocols and long - term safety data are needed before routine clinical adoption.
Ulcerative colitis, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Inflammatory bowel disease.
Study of Serum Fibrinogen Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Correlation with Microalbuminuria
Background * Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and renal complications, partly due to endothelial dysfunction and prothrombotic states. Fibrinogen, a key hemostatic factor, has been increasingly recognized for its role in atherosclerosis. Elevated fibrinogen levels have been linked with poor glycemic control, increased duration of diabetes, and microalbuminuria. Identifying these associations can aid in early prediction of complications. Methods * This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 50 patients with T2DM, aged 41-80 years, admitted to the Department of Medicine at RRMCH. Serum fibrinogen levels, HbA1c, and urinary albumin excretion were measured and analyzed. Results * The study found a significantly higher prevalence of hyperfibrinogenemia in patients with longer duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control (HbA1c), and presence of microalbuminuria (p<0.05). Fibrinogen levels showed a positive correlation with age and duration of diabetes. Patients with microalbuminuria had markedly higher fibrinogen levels than those without proteinuria, and those with elevated HbA1c exhibited increased fibrinogen levels, indicating a link between glycemic status and prothrombotic risk. Conclusion * Fibrinogen levels were significantly associated with poor glycemic control, longer duration of diabetes, and microalbuminuria, highlighting its role as a potential marker of vascular complications in T2DM. Routine monitoring of fibrinogen may help in early identification of high- risk individuals, and stringent glycemic control should be emphasized to mitigate cardiovascular and renal risks.
1. To assess serum fibrinogen levels in patients with T2DM. 2. To evaluate the association of serum fibrinogen levels with microalbuminuria and glycemic control.
In patient management of stroke - A retrospective study
Background * Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. Prompt recognition and treatment can significantly reduce the severity of outcomes. Ischemic and haemorrhagic types being most common. This study reviews the inpatient management of stroke, discusses WHO definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, symptomatology, and outlines diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used in acute care settings in India. Methods * A retrospective cohort study was conducted with data collected from 154 stroke patients admitted in India between November 2021 and May 2022. The population comprised individuals aged between 20 to 90 years. Results * Age and Gender: Patients ranged from 20 to 90 years; 104 were male and 49 female. Type of Stroke: 126 had ischemic strokes, 25 had haemorrhagic strokes, and 2 had TIAs. Site of Ischemic Stroke: 51 had MCA infarcts, 13 had PCA infarcts, and others had ACA, thalamus, pons, etc. Risk Factors: 123 patients had modifiable risk factors. Common ones included hypertension (47), diabetes & hypertension (48), DM alone (14), recurrent CVA (20), smoking & alcohol (10). Investigations: CT, MRI, MRA, USG Abdomen, 2D Echo, Carotid Doppler. Treatment (Ischemic Stroke): LMWH, aspirin + clopidogrel, statins (atorvastatin), PPIs (pantoprazole), supportive therapy. Treatment (Haemorrhagic Stroke): Mannitol, symptomatic therapy, PPIs, BP control. Conclusion * This study affirms that while stroke management protocols vary across institutions and regions, core investigations and treatments remain universally aligned. Rapid diagnosis, identification of stroke type, and timely initiation of therapy are critical to improving outcomes. Education on modifiable risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and smoking is essential in stroke prevention.
A Study on Social Media Usage and Its Influence on the Mental Health of Undergraduate Medical Students
Background * Social media has become an integral part of student life. Medical students, who often face high levels of academic stress, are particularly vulnerable to mental health issues. This study investigates the influence of social media usage on the mental well-being of undergraduate medical students. Methods * 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th year MBBS students and interns of ACSR Government Medical College, Nellore were included in present study. A Semi-structure Questionnaires were distributed among the students.Among 875 students from 1st year to 4th year along with interns 380 will be selected by simple random sampling. Results * Data was collected using Google Questionnaires ,Then data was imported to MS Exel, Then data was analysed using spss version 26. In 380 students 97.1% of students use social media and the most commonly used social media platform is Instagram [75.9%].sleep distrubance has been always noted due to late night mobile usage is observed always in 5.3% of students. 54% of students feel addicted to social media. 34.8% feel anxious after using social media. Conclusion * It was concluded that Relation between age with mental health status with social media usage is statistically significant and social media addiction with mental health is highly significant.
Social media, medical students, mental health
A KAP Study of Needle Prick Injury Among Healthcare Professionals in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Background * Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are a major occupational hazard in healthcare settings. More than 20 blood-borne pathogens can be transmitted through NSIs, with HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV) being the most life- threatening. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and practices related to NSIs among various healthcare workers Methods * Study design:A cross sectional study. A total of 153 participants were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire between April 25 and May 25. The questionnaire assessed their experiences with NSIs, knowledge of disease transmission, prophylaxis, use of protective measures, and hepatitis vaccination status. Results * - 86.3% were aware that NSIs transmit diseases, but 75% of Class IV staff lacked this awareness. - Nurses (32%) were the most affected group. - 34% reported experiencing an NSI during use. - Only 11.7% took prophylaxis, although 89.7% were aware of its availability. - Most prophylaxis was taken on a doctor's advice (92%). - 69% were fully immunized for hepatitis B; 100% of Class IV staff were not immunized. - Awareness of prophylaxis sources was primarily through doctors (44%) and books (30%). Conclusion * Awareness and knowledge about NSIs are relatively high among medical professionals, but there are significant gaps in practice, especially among nurses and Class IV staff. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage is inadequate in certain groups, and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis is underutilized. Targeted educational interventions and regular training programs are essential to improve safety practices.
Needle stick injury, healthcare professionals, KAP study, hepatitis B vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, occupational health, Class IV staff, medical safety.
Background * There are many gastro-intestinal symptoms encountered when a person experiences any stress or anxiety. Brain and GIT have a very intimate association. Brain sends anxiety signals to the gastro-intestinal tract through sympathetic nervous system, for which GIT responds by releasing its own hormones which indeed induce various reactions like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased gut motility, stomach cramps, etc. Methods * A study based on questionnaire format through google forms is conducted amongst Indian population aged between 15years to 60 years. Students and employees are the main study group. Results * Majority of the population involved in this study are female. Nearly 61% of the cases experienced one or the other gastro-intestinal symptom during anxiety and stress. Conclusion * This article summarize that there is an intimate connection between anxiety and GIT. It is the sympathetic nervous system and the gastro- intestinal hormones that play the game to induce various stress related GIT symptoms. Through this article we want to outline the various mechanisms involved in causing the stress related GIT symptoms. Gist of the anxiety management and symptomatic treatment is also underlined.
Impact of Pre-Rehabilitation and Post-Rehabilitation on Functional Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) leads to progressive functional decline and reduced quality of life. Despite the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), its effects often diminish over time due to poor adherence and lack of continuity. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of structured pre-rehabilitation and post-rehabilitation strategies integrated with standard PR in COPD patients. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from January 2024 to March 2025. A total of 40 clinically stable COPD patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). The intervention group underwent a 3-week structured pre-rehabilitation phase, an 8-week PR program, and a 12-month supervised post-rehabilitation program. The control group received only the standard 8-week PR. The primary outcome was six-minute walk distance (6MWD); secondary outcomes included Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), COPD Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), and 30-second Chair Stand Test (CST). Conclusion: Patients receiving combined pre- and post-rehabilitation interventions showed significant improvements in functional capacity, quality of life, and reduced exacerbations compared to standard PR alone. These findings suggest a comprehensive rehabilitation approach provides sustained clinical benefits in COPD management
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Functional Capacity, Quality of Life.
A Mixed Method Study: The Role of Physiotherapy in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation: Enhancing Recovery and Improving Quality of Life in Cardiac Patients
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. While medical advancements have improved post-cardiac evet survival, the integration of physiotherapy into rehabilitation programs is critical for optimizing recovery. Studies show that structured cardiac rehabilitation programs incorporating physiotherapy reduce hospital readmissions by 31% and improve survival rates by 25%. Additionally, patients undergoing physiotherapy report a 40% improvement in functional capacity and a 35% reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of physiotherapy interventions in enhancing cardiovascular function, reducing hospital readmissions and improving psychological well-being among cardiac patients. A mixed methods approach will be employed, combining quantitative clinical evaluations and quantitative surveys/ interviews with patients and healthcare provides. Anticipated outcomes include evidence supporting structured physiotherapy programs as essential components of cardiac rehabilitation, identification of optimal techniques and recommendations for integrating physiotherapy into standard care protocols. The findings will contribute to evidence-based strategies for improving long-term patient outcomes and quality of life.
Cardiovascular disease (CVDs), post-cardiac, Physiotherapy, Evidence-based strategies.